第1个回答 2017-02-08
定语从句：
一：概说
1 定义：在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。
（定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词——即先行词之后）
2 种类；
⑴限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说必不可少，如果省略句子意思不完整，有时甚至会被歪
曲，限定性定语从句不用“，”和句子的其他部分隔开。
Theboy who is sleeping is Tom. 正在睡觉的那个男孩是汤姆。
⑵非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说未必必不可少，如果省略句子意思仍然完整，非限
定性定语从句通常用“，”和句子的其他部分隔开。
Water,which is a clear liquid , has many uses. 水，一种清澈透明的液体，很有用途。
3 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别：
⑴限定性定语从句不能省略，如果省略，句意不完整；
非限定性定语从句可以省略，如果省略，句意仍然完整。
⑵限定性定语从句不用“，”把它和句子的其他部分隔开；
非限定性定语从句用“，”把它和句子的其他部分隔开。
⑶限定性定语从句可以用that引导；
非限定性定语从句不可以用that引导。
⑷限定性定语从句的关联词有时可以省略（一般做宾语时省略）；
非限定性定语从句的关联词不可以省略
⑸限定性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词；
非限定性定语从句可以用来修饰先行词，也可以用来修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
4 关联词：
⑴关系代词（6个）：
① who 谁（主语）
② whom 谁（宾语）
③ whose 谁的（定语）
④ which 哪个（主语，宾语）
⑤ that （主语，宾语）
⑥ as 像～（主语，宾语）
⑵关系副词（3个）：
① when ~时候
② where 哪里
③ why 为什么
二：用法：
一关系代词的用法
1 who→在定语从句中做主语→用来指人
① 我喜欢那个来自美国的男孩儿。I like the boy who is ∕ comesfrom America.
② 在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250，000。
In this earthquake , the number of people who lost homes reached as manyas 250，000.
③这就是那个帮助我的人。This is the man who helped me .
2 whom在定语从句中做宾语→用来指人(在现代英语中，作宾语的whom可以用who来代替，但who不用于介词后，在非限定性定语从句中，whom不能用who代替。)
① 我喜欢的那个男孩儿是汤姆。The boy whom I like is Tom.
② 你正在等的那个医生现在在房间里。The doctor whomyou are waiting for is in the room now.
③我要给很多朋友寄贺卡。I have many friends to whomI’m going to send postcards .
3 whose在定语从句中做定语→用来指人或指物（可以用of whom 或of which 来代替）
① 我认识那个叫汤姆的男孩儿。I know the boy whose name isTom.
② 只有你的建议他可能会听。 You’re the only one whose advice he mightlisten to .
③他喜欢那个窗户朝南开的房间。He likes the room whosewindows open to the south.
④ 班里有20名学生，他们的背景各不相同。
There are in the class twenty students ,whosebackgrounds are different .
There are in the class twenty students ,thebackgrounds of whom are different .
There are in the class twenty students ,ofwhom the backgrounds are different .
⑤ 两岸都是树木的那条河流向大海。
The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .
The river of which the banks arecovered with trees flows to the sea .
The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea .
4 which→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指物
① 这是你想要的那本书。This is the book which youwant.
② 我喜欢红色的那辆车。I like the car which is red.
③河边的那幢楼是我们的学校。The building which stands near the river is our school .
※ 必须用which的4种情况：
(1) 当关系代词前面有介词时 Thisis the house in which he once lived .
(2) 引导非限定性定语从句
(3) 一个句子中有两个定语从句，为了避免重复，一个用which一个用that
He bought an American magazine that could give him so much Englishknowledge and which could help him
to kill time .
(4) 当先行词本身是that时 Theclock is that which tells the time .
5 that→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物（可以用who, whom, which替换）
※ 必须用that的9种情况：
⑴ 先行词是all, everything, nothing, few, little, much , something ,anything , none等不定代词时，必须用that引导。
① 我会告诉你我知道的一切。I shall tell you everythingthat I know.
② 有什么我能为你效劳的吗？ Is there anything that Ican do for you ?
⑵ 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时必须用that引导。
① 我不会忘记我学过的第一课。I can’t ∕ won’t forget thefirst lesson that I learned.
② 他是我见过的最可恨的人。He is the mosthateful person that I’ve seen.
⑶当先行词被all, every, little, few, no等修饰时，必须用that引导。
① 有常识的人都不会相信的。No man that hascommon sense can believe it .
② 我喜欢你给我的所有的书。I like all the books that you gave me.
⑷当先行词被the only（唯一的）；the very（恰好，正好）；the same（相同的）；the last(最后的)等修饰时，必须
用that引导。
① 你是我唯一喜欢的人。You’re the only person thatI like.
② 这就是我正想买的那本书。This is the very book that I want to buy .
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时，必须用that引导。
① 我不知道他们正在谈论的人和事。 I don’t know those persons and things thatthey are talking about.
② 火车朝正在过铁轨的那个男孩和他的狗驶去。
The train ran over to the boy and his dog that were just crossing thetrack .
⑹当that用做关系副词，修饰表示时间的名词时，可以代替when来引导。
① 我不会忘记我第一次见到你的那一天。I can’t forgetthe day that ∕ when I first met you.
② 事情发生在我出生的那天。 It happened on the day that/ when I was born .
⑺当句子中已有who或which出现时，必须用that引导。
① 正在唱歌的那个女孩是谁？ Who is the girl that is singing?
② 哪个是他昨晚待过的酒店？Which is thehotel that he stayed at last night ?
（8）当先行词是“to be ”后面的表语，或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时
① The school isquite different from the one that it used to be .
② He isn’tthe man that he was .
（9）当主句以here , there 开头时
① Here is the hotelthat you’ve been looking for .
② There is aseat in the corner that isn’t taken .
6 as→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物。
such…as… 如此像…，这样的像…，像…一样
the same…as… 相同的…，像…一样
①你们正在唱的那样的歌很流行。Such songs as you’re singing are popular now.
②我想使用和这里用的一样的工具。I want to use the same tool as is used here .
* the same…as… 和 the same…that… 虽然结构上相同，但有时句意却不同。（the same…as…指两物相似；the
same…that…描述的是同一物。）
① 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。This is the samebook as I read last week .
② 这就是我上周读的那本书。This is the same book that I read last week .
* as引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句或主句的一部分所表达的意思（不能指代名词或代词），可放在句首，句中或句末，在从句中作主语或宾语。
① As is known toall , he’s the best student in the class .
② As we allknow , he studies very hard .
* as 引导的定语从句的常用固定表达法有：
l as we all know 正如大家所知
l as I can remember正如我所记得的
l as often happens 这经常发生
l as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
l as you see 这一点你明白
l as has been saidbefore 如前所述
l as is said above 综上所述
l as is well known 众所周知
l as is known toall众所周知
l as was expected 正如预料的那样
l as is expected 正如预料的那样
l as can be seen 看得出来
l as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
l as may beimagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
l as is often thecase 通常如此
l as mentionedabove 如上所述
l as is natural 很自然地，顺其自然地
l as is reported inthe newspaper 如报纸所报导的
二关系副词的用法
1 when→先行词表示时间 = on / in / at /during which (在口语中可省略when )
①我不能忘记在上海的那些日子。I can’t forget those days when(during which ) I was inShanghai.
②这就是他动身去北京的时间。 This was thetime when (at which )he left for Beijing.
*
先行词是表示时间的名词时，用关系副词when还是用关系代词which / that (或省略)引导定语从句，这要看它在定
从句中起副词作用作时间状语，还是起代词作用作宾语。
① Do you rememberthe day when he came to see you ?
② Do you rememberthe day ( which / that ) we spent together ?
2 where→先行词表示地点或有地点含义的抽象名词（point , position, situation , stage ,room等） = in / on / at / to which （在口语中，先行词是表示地点的名词时，可以省略where）
比较：where→定语从句中谓语动词为不及物动词时用。
that ∕ which→定语从句中谓语动词为及物动词时用。
① This is the place where (in which )I lived (不及物动词) last year.
② This is the place which ∕ that I visited(及物动词) last year.
*
先行词是表示地点的名词时，用关系副词where还是用关系代词which / that (或省略)，这要看它在定语从句中起副
词作用作地点状语还是起代词作用作宾语。
3 why→先行词只有一个reason（原因）= for which ( 在口语中可以省略why )
例句：这就是我喜欢你的原因。
① This isthe reason why I like you.
② I know thereason why he did so .
③ I know the reasonwhich / that he explained at the meeting .
* I don’t want to hearany reason ( that / which ) you might give . 此句不能用why , 只能用、which 或 that 。（which
或that 作动词give 的宾语）
*
先行词是表示原因的reason时，用关系副词why，还是用关系代词which / that （或省略）引导定语从句，这要看它
在定语从句中起副词作用表原因，还是起代词作用作宾语。追问
一：概说
1 定义：在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。
（定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词——即先行词之后）
2 种类；
⑴限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说必不可少，如果省略句子意思不完整，有时甚至会被歪
曲，限定性定语从句不用“，”和句子的其他部分隔开。
Theboy who is sleeping is Tom. 正在睡觉的那个男孩是汤姆。
⑵非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说未必必不可少，如果省略句子意思仍然完整，非限
定性定语从句通常用“，”和句子的其他部分隔开。
Water,which is a clear liquid , has many uses. 水，一种清澈透明的液体，很有用途。
3 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别：
⑴限定性定语从句不能省略，如果省略，句意不完整；
非限定性定语从句可以省略，如果省略，句意仍然完整。
⑵限定性定语从句不用“，”把它和句子的其他部分隔开；
非限定性定语从句用“，”把它和句子的其他部分隔开。
⑶限定性定语从句可以用that引导；
非限定性定语从句不可以用that引导。
⑷限定性定语从句的关联词有时可以省略（一般做宾语时省略）；
非限定性定语从句的关联词不可以省略
⑸限定性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词；
非限定性定语从句可以用来修饰先行词，也可以用来修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
4 关联词：
⑴关系代词（6个）：
① who 谁（主语）
② whom 谁（宾语）
③ whose 谁的（定语）
④ which 哪个（主语，宾语）
⑤ that （主语，宾语）
⑥ as 像～（主语，宾语）
⑵关系副词（3个）：
① when ~时候
② where 哪里
③ why 为什么
二：用法：
一关系代词的用法
1 who→在定语从句中做主语→用来指人
① 我喜欢那个来自美国的男孩儿。I like the boy who is ∕ comesfrom America.
② 在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250，000。
In this earthquake , the number of people who lost homes reached as manyas 250，000.
③这就是那个帮助我的人。This is the man who helped me .
2 whom在定语从句中做宾语→用来指人(在现代英语中，作宾语的whom可以用who来代替，但who不用于介词后，在非限定性定语从句中，whom不能用who代替。)
① 我喜欢的那个男孩儿是汤姆。The boy whom I like is Tom.
② 你正在等的那个医生现在在房间里。The doctor whomyou are waiting for is in the room now.
③我要给很多朋友寄贺卡。I have many friends to whomI’m going to send postcards .
3 whose在定语从句中做定语→用来指人或指物（可以用of whom 或of which 来代替）
① 我认识那个叫汤姆的男孩儿。I know the boy whose name isTom.
② 只有你的建议他可能会听。 You’re the only one whose advice he mightlisten to .
③他喜欢那个窗户朝南开的房间。He likes the room whosewindows open to the south.
④ 班里有20名学生，他们的背景各不相同。
There are in the class twenty students ,whosebackgrounds are different .
There are in the class twenty students ,thebackgrounds of whom are different .
There are in the class twenty students ,ofwhom the backgrounds are different .
⑤ 两岸都是树木的那条河流向大海。
The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .
The river of which the banks arecovered with trees flows to the sea .
The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea .
4 which→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指物
① 这是你想要的那本书。This is the book which youwant.
② 我喜欢红色的那辆车。I like the car which is red.
③河边的那幢楼是我们的学校。The building which stands near the river is our school .
※ 必须用which的4种情况：
(1) 当关系代词前面有介词时 Thisis the house in which he once lived .
(2) 引导非限定性定语从句
(3) 一个句子中有两个定语从句，为了避免重复，一个用which一个用that
He bought an American magazine that could give him so much Englishknowledge and which could help him
to kill time .
(4) 当先行词本身是that时 Theclock is that which tells the time .
5 that→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物（可以用who, whom, which替换）
※ 必须用that的9种情况：
⑴ 先行词是all, everything, nothing, few, little, much , something ,anything , none等不定代词时，必须用that引导。
① 我会告诉你我知道的一切。I shall tell you everythingthat I know.
② 有什么我能为你效劳的吗？ Is there anything that Ican do for you ?
⑵ 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时必须用that引导。
① 我不会忘记我学过的第一课。I can’t ∕ won’t forget thefirst lesson that I learned.
② 他是我见过的最可恨的人。He is the mosthateful person that I’ve seen.
⑶当先行词被all, every, little, few, no等修饰时，必须用that引导。
① 有常识的人都不会相信的。No man that hascommon sense can believe it .
② 我喜欢你给我的所有的书。I like all the books that you gave me.
⑷当先行词被the only（唯一的）；the very（恰好，正好）；the same（相同的）；the last(最后的)等修饰时，必须
用that引导。
① 你是我唯一喜欢的人。You’re the only person thatI like.
② 这就是我正想买的那本书。This is the very book that I want to buy .
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时，必须用that引导。
① 我不知道他们正在谈论的人和事。 I don’t know those persons and things thatthey are talking about.
② 火车朝正在过铁轨的那个男孩和他的狗驶去。
The train ran over to the boy and his dog that were just crossing thetrack .
⑹当that用做关系副词，修饰表示时间的名词时，可以代替when来引导。
① 我不会忘记我第一次见到你的那一天。I can’t forgetthe day that ∕ when I first met you.
② 事情发生在我出生的那天。 It happened on the day that/ when I was born .
⑺当句子中已有who或which出现时，必须用that引导。
① 正在唱歌的那个女孩是谁？ Who is the girl that is singing?
② 哪个是他昨晚待过的酒店？Which is thehotel that he stayed at last night ?
（8）当先行词是“to be ”后面的表语，或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时
① The school isquite different from the one that it used to be .
② He isn’tthe man that he was .
（9）当主句以here , there 开头时
① Here is the hotelthat you’ve been looking for .
② There is aseat in the corner that isn’t taken .
6 as→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物。
such…as… 如此像…，这样的像…，像…一样
the same…as… 相同的…，像…一样
①你们正在唱的那样的歌很流行。Such songs as you’re singing are popular now.
②我想使用和这里用的一样的工具。I want to use the same tool as is used here .
* the same…as… 和 the same…that… 虽然结构上相同，但有时句意却不同。（the same…as…指两物相似；the
same…that…描述的是同一物。）
① 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。This is the samebook as I read last week .
② 这就是我上周读的那本书。This is the same book that I read last week .
* as引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句或主句的一部分所表达的意思（不能指代名词或代词），可放在句首，句中或句末，在从句中作主语或宾语。
① As is known toall , he’s the best student in the class .
② As we allknow , he studies very hard .
* as 引导的定语从句的常用固定表达法有：
l as we all know 正如大家所知
l as I can remember正如我所记得的
l as often happens 这经常发生
l as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
l as you see 这一点你明白
l as has been saidbefore 如前所述
l as is said above 综上所述
l as is well known 众所周知
l as is known toall众所周知
l as was expected 正如预料的那样
l as is expected 正如预料的那样
l as can be seen 看得出来
l as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
l as may beimagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
l as is often thecase 通常如此
l as mentionedabove 如上所述
l as is natural 很自然地，顺其自然地
l as is reported inthe newspaper 如报纸所报导的
二关系副词的用法
1 when→先行词表示时间 = on / in / at /during which (在口语中可省略when )
①我不能忘记在上海的那些日子。I can’t forget those days when(during which ) I was inShanghai.
②这就是他动身去北京的时间。 This was thetime when (at which )he left for Beijing.
*
先行词是表示时间的名词时，用关系副词when还是用关系代词which / that (或省略)引导定语从句，这要看它在定
从句中起副词作用作时间状语，还是起代词作用作宾语。
① Do you rememberthe day when he came to see you ?
② Do you rememberthe day ( which / that ) we spent together ?
2 where→先行词表示地点或有地点含义的抽象名词（point , position, situation , stage ,room等） = in / on / at / to which （在口语中，先行词是表示地点的名词时，可以省略where）
比较：where→定语从句中谓语动词为不及物动词时用。
that ∕ which→定语从句中谓语动词为及物动词时用。
① This is the place where (in which )I lived (不及物动词) last year.
② This is the place which ∕ that I visited(及物动词) last year.
*
先行词是表示地点的名词时，用关系副词where还是用关系代词which / that (或省略)，这要看它在定语从句中起副
词作用作地点状语还是起代词作用作宾语。
3 why→先行词只有一个reason（原因）= for which ( 在口语中可以省略why )
例句：这就是我喜欢你的原因。
① This isthe reason why I like you.
② I know thereason why he did so .
③ I know the reasonwhich / that he explained at the meeting .
* I don’t want to hearany reason ( that / which ) you might give . 此句不能用why , 只能用、which 或 that 。（which
或that 作动词give 的宾语）
*
先行词是表示原因的reason时，用关系副词why，还是用关系代词which / that （或省略）引导定语从句，这要看它
在定语从句中起副词作用表原因，还是起代词作用作宾语。追问
看完更想哭了
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